Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects one in 10 women of reproductive age. It is characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, facial hair or acne and an increased number of eggs arrested in development. Many women also suffer from weight gain, Type 2 diabetes and depression. While first characterized by the medical community in the mid-1930s, few treatments for the disorder are available. The International PCOS Consortium conducted the largest genomic study of its kind to date to understand the genetics underlying this debilitating disorder.
The researchers identified three new sites in the genome that appear to be associated with the disorder. The study also supports previous studies that identified 11 gene regions from women of Han Chinese descent and eight gene regions from women of European descent. The results appear online in the Dec. 20 issue of the journal PLOS Genetics.
“This study addresses one of the main controversies within the medical community that characterized PCOS as three different diseases depending on whether the patient has too much hair growth and irregular periods, often with weight gain, or just irregular periods and infertility,” said Corrine Welt, interim chief of the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at University of Utah Health and one of the senior authors on the study. “These results drive home the point that regardless of symptoms for diagnosing PCOS the genetic underpinnings are exactly the same.”
The researchers explored the genetic basis of PCOS by conducting a whole genome association study on the genomes of more than 10,000 women with PCOS and 100,000 controls from seven studies that include participants of European ancestry. Data was collected from clinically verified cases from North American and Europe as well as from opt-in research participants, provided by 23andMe.
In the study, the researchers separated the PCOS patients into three groups based on diagnosis. Patients diagnosed using the National Institutes of Health criteria (high testosterone and irregular menstrual cycles; 2,540 cases and 15,020 controls) account for about 70 percent of PCOS cases. Patients diagnosed using the Rotterdam criteria (high egg production; 2,669 cases and 17,035 controls) account for up to 20 percent of PCOS cases. The researchers also examined self-identified PCOS cases (5,184 cases and 82,759 controls). They identified 14 gene variants that were associated with PCOS, including three that were identified for the first time. Only one of these 14 genetic variants differed significantly in its association by diagnostic criteria.
The researchers next examined the associations of these 14 gene variants with specific PCOS related traits in three additional studies with a combined total of more than 10,000 PCOS patients and found four variants associated with high testosterone, eight variants associated with high egg production, and nine variants associated with infertility, with three variants associated with all three traits.
“Patients often go from doctor to doctor before they get a diagnosis, because medical professionals may not be familiar with PCOS and providers from dermatology to obstetrics and gynecology to endocrinology may diagnose PCOS differently,” Welt said. “As a community, we turned to genetics to understand the initiating cause of this disorder.”
The genetic underpinnings of PCOS implicate neuroendocrine, metabolic and reproductive pathways, and a follow-up analysis found that the genetic pathways identified in this study are also linked to other conditions including metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, menopause, obesity and depression. In addition, the researchers found for the first time that there are some links to male pattern baldness.
“The links between PCOS and mental health suggest the importance of a holistic approach where the social and psychosocial dimensions of the disease are considered,” said Felix Day, senior research associate in Growth and Development at the Medical Research Council EpidemiologyUnit at the University of Cambridge, England and contributing author on the study.“The next steps are to further characterize the causes of this understudied disease that affects many women worldwide”.
Welt noted the study may over-represent the most severe characteristics of PCOS (defined by the NIH criteria), which is more commonly diagnosed by medical professionals. As such, the results may be biased toward the variants that impart these traits. In addition, whole genome association studies identify regions of interest along the genome but do not pinpoint the causal gene.
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This work was developed through the international collaboration among 50 institutions. The results are available online in the article titled “Large-scale genome-wide meta-analysis of polycystic ovary syndrome suggests shared genetic architecture for different diagnosis criteria” in the Dec. 20 issue of the journal PLOS Genetics.
The International PCOS Consortium received funding from a number of organizations, including the National Institutes of Health, European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program and National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre.